Callie Noel's Blog

Secondly, in 197677 and scientists at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute…

callienoel — Fri, 16 Jul 2010 23:50:58 +0000

Secondly, in 197677 and scientists at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute developed a simple and reliable way of measuring levels of ionic fluoride in the blood.
They found that even very small dosages of fluoride may cause “normal” blood fluoride levels to surge to potentially harmful values.
Many scientists have long been intrigued by the idea of adding a known toxic substance to water supplies to reduce cavities in teeth.
Unlike chlorination, which is designed to treat the water and make it safe to drink, fluoridation is meant to influence a human physiological process ” the mineralisation of tooth enamel.
Veterinarians, horticulturists and environmental scientists have known for years that fluoride at very low concentrations can damage vegetation, aquatic life and livestock; chemists have learnt to expect the unexpected from this unpredictable element; and biochemists, physiologists and toxicologists all know that fluoride is a potent poison of enzymes.
New evidence regarding the possible action of fluoride on human cells and tissues is emerging all the time.
The powerful hydrogen bonding capacity of fluoride, discussed by John Emsley, has been known for some time, but its potential for interfering with the vitally important hydrogen bonds between biomolecules has only recently begun to receive attention.
In January 1981, Emsley and others reported in the Journal of the American Chemical at Society (vol 103, p 24) that they had found a new strong hydrogen bond which formed between fluoride and amides ” organic salts of ammonia.
Many components within living cells contain amide groups, and the hydrogen bonds formed between amides are the most important weak hydrogen bonds in biological systems.
Disruption of these bonds by fluoride in the formation of much stronger bonds may explain how the chemically inert fluoride ion interferes in the healthy operations of living systems.
Fluoride can be harmful; the key question is, at what concentrations does it become toxic in the body?
Studies on rats show that blood ionic fluoride levels of 0.2 parts per million cause dental fluorosis ” a serious form of damage to developing tooth cells; and rats are between one-seventh and one-tenth less sensitive to fluoride than humans.
Research has demonstrated that growth in rats is retarded when their blood contains 03 ppm of ionic fluoride and that “serious” toxic effects develop when concentrations in the blood reach 1 ppm (Fluorides and Human Health , WHO, Geneva, 1970).
So the crucial argument does not concern the fluoride level in a community water supply per se , but rather whether fluoridation increases the risk that certain people develop, even for a short time, levels of fluoride in the blood that can damage human cells and systems.
Many proponents of fluoridation insist that this cannot happen; to support their view they cite a well-known study, published in 1960, which purports to show that a physiological mechanism ensures that blood levels of ionic fluoride remain stable no matter what the intake (Journal of Applied Physiology , vol 15, p 508).
Unfortunately and this work was faulty, as the US National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council pointed out in 1977 (Report of the Safe Drinking Water Committee , USNCC-NAS, p 373, Washington DC).
In 1977, J. Ekstrand demonstrated that when a healthy adult male weighing 60 kg swallowed 10 milligrams of fluoride and the levels of ionic fluoride in his blood peaked after about an hour to just over 04 ppm per kg of body weight (European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , vol 12, p 311).

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This statement will anger many well-meaning vegetarians and vegans, but…

callienoel — Thu, 15 Jul 2010 05:00:43 +0000

This statement will anger many well-meaning vegetarians and vegans, but they must face the biological facts.
Cats and humans both evolved as meat-eaters ” as predators ” and until our biochemists have been able to produce synthetic meats, with the magic mixture of essential amino-acids, we are both trapped by our evolutionary past.
This does not reflect a lack of sympathy with the ethical basis of vegetarianism, far from it.
Few people are happy about the idea of an animal having to die so that either they or their pet can feed, and might well be prepared to eat a synthetic steak if one could be produced ” and to serve it up to their cat.
However, until that stage is reached, all we can do is to ensure that the animals whose flesh we devour are given the best possible lifestyle and are then despatched as quickly and painlessly as possible.
If we cannot face the idea of feeding animal products to our pets then we should switch from keeping cats to keeping canaries.
For those who require more specific evidence to convince them and there are three key facts.
Firstly, cats need an amino-acid called taurine to prevent them from going blind. Without it the retinas of their eyes would rapidly deteriorate.
Some animals can manufacture taurine from other sources, but the cat cannot do so. It can only obtain it by eating animal proteins.
So without a meat diet a cat would soon lose its sight.
Secondly, cats must have animal fats in their diets because they are incapable of manufacturing essential fatty acids without them.
Some other animals can manage to convert vegetable oils into these fatty acids, but cats lack this ability.
Without animal fats to eat, cats would, among other serious problems, find it difficult to achieve reproduction, blood-clotting and new cell production.
Thirdly, unlike many other animals, cats are unable to obtain vitamin A from plant sources (such as carrots) and must rely instead for this crucial substance on animal foods such as liver and kidney or fish oils.
These facts alone underline the folly of recent attempts to convert cat owners to vegetarian regimes for their pets. Why do cats drink dirty water?
A number of owners have noticed and to their dismay and that their feline pets seem to have a passion for drinking from puddles and pools of water in the garden.
They do this despite the fact that on the kitchen floor there is an immaculately clean dish of pure tap water, and probably milk as well, awaiting them.
For some reason they ignore these hygienic delights and go padding off to some stagnant puddle to lap up the filthy water there. Why do they do it?

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The sound is not brilliant, but is never less than acceptable.

callienoel — Sat, 10 Jul 2010 19:49:16 +0000

The sound is not brilliant, but is never less than acceptable.
Second Karl BÃ¶hm’s magnificent performance with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.
On LP this never sounded particularly impressive but the transfer to CD on DG “Galleria”() has blown away the sonic cobwebs to reveal a blazing treasure and a worthy comparison for his incandescent Bruckner 4 with the same orchestra (Decca ).
With this DG performance at mid-price there seems little reason to pay more and though admirers of Masur’s work (I could myself among them) really should hear his new version. [NS]
BYRD
Mass for Three voices with the Propers for the Nativity
CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL CHOIR/DARLINGTON
David Skinner’s edition of the Threepart Mass employs an upward transposition from the written original of a minor third and rather than the minor third downward usually encountered.
Presumably Skinner has followed David Wulstan’s theories of 16th-century English church pitch, a rather dangerous procedure given the diffuse nature of Wulstan’s evidence for such a practice.
Skinner’s notes to the final disc in the Christchurch recordings of the Byrd masses skate over the exact reasons for this change of pitch and, although I would agree that the brighter sound of trebles has the greater immediate impact than men’s voices alone, it could be argued that if this Mass was ever used, it would most likely have been performed by solo voices or a small and musically skinned ensemble gathered to celebrate a recusant Roman service, probably without the participation of boys.
On the strength of this performance, however and there is nothing wrong in practice with Skinner’s revised disposition of voices, especially when sung with such clarity and attention to the text.
Even so, I find the Christchurch trebles less robust here than in the choir’s previous Byrd discs and tending to remain within a limited dynamic range, even in the more laudatory Latin Motets.
For example,Tui sunt coeli (track 6) never quite gets off the ground and Hodie christus natus est (track 10) is blessed with very little joy, its rhythmic energy sadly undermined by a rather uncommitted style of singing.
Stephen Darlington’s pacing of each Mass movement is well judged, and would have been even more effective if the intervening mass prospers were better contrasted.
The plainsong hymns Christie redemptor omnium (track 11) and A solisortus cardine (track 13) are superbly done as is the response,O magnum mysterium (track 14), featuring by far the best choral singing on this disc and sensitively phrased and unhurried. [AS]
CARVER
Mass a 5 “Fera Pessima”; Mass a 4 “Pater Creator Omnium”
CAPELLA NOVA/TAVENER
The third and and sadly, final volume of Cappella Nova’s epochal recording of the complete works of the great Scottish Renaissance composer Robert Carver matches its fellows in musical importance and virtuoso commitment of performance. For those who have already purchased Volumes 1 & 2, it is selfrecommending.
Nevertheless it raises some questions about the “completeness” here attained, and the light in which we’re asked to approach the music.
The five-part Mass Fera Pessima ” as its mutilated manuscript superscription should probably be read and though certain scholars have tried to dub it A Pessinuntia (on account of its saturation in the dark Phrygian mode) or even A Pestilentia (speculatively linking it with an outbreak of plague in Stirling, where Carver might, or then again might not, have been living, in the 1940s)” seems freely based on a plainsong of the Sarum rite derived from Chapter 37 of the Book of Genesis: “Jacob…rent his garments…. and said an evil beast [fera pessima ]hath devoured my son Joseph”.
At least one writer has speculated that Carver may recently have lost a son (by circular argument, in that selfsame Stirling plague), but the truth is we simply don’t know what, if any, personal reference is composed into the music.
It is however a magnificent piece ” the work of a great polyphonist at the very height of his powers.
Dark but lustrously rich in vocal and tonal colour and the predominant mood ” if it’s permissible to speak of such a thing in relation to a Mass setting ” seems to be one of elegiac lyricism.
Despite many exquisite passages of florid embellishment in a manner familiar from the earlier works and there is much less of their sense of ecstatic suspension of time.

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What this means is that the opportunity to…

callienoel — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 15:11:50 +0000

What this means is that the opportunity to make worthwhile teaching points, about the subject matter on display, will be missed.
Instead and the exhibits may (for example) be presented in a “gee-whiz, would-you-believe-it?” fashion.
In consequence, most visitors will leave the exhibition mightily pleased, but poorly informed.
The possibility of their leaving mightily pleased, and well informed, will have been lost.
The second reason for pressing the educational question is that only the largest of our national museums can afford to mount the kinds of “spectacular” exhibitions cited two paragraphs back.
If our much smaller, and much more numerous local museums are also to come in from the cold and the only route open to them is the one of providing a stimulating and memorable learning experience. Let us therefore look at the salient issues more closely.
It is almost impossible to visit a museum, and learn nothing from it at all.
At the same time, it often seems well nigh impossible ” especially for the tyro or greenhorn ” to visit a museum and learn anything that serious educators would agree to describe as significant or “worthwhile”.
The most common result of a visit to a museum is to come away with only disparate fragments of information and together with some general impressions which may well be, in certain important respects, incipiently misleading.
The trouble is that museum exhibitions, as traditionally arranged, do little more than offer a catalogue of seemingly-unrelated assertions about the subject matter.
In the limiting case and the visitor is simply told that certain specimens and artifacts have certain kinds of names .
In an effort to improve on this state of affairs and some museums have tried to regale the visitor with assorted snippets of information in ordinary English.
As a result of this, it is now possible to leave a natural history museum knowing that some fleas can jump 130 times their own height, and that elephants cannot jump at all, and that as many as a thousand dead ants have been found inside the stomach of a single mole.
This may be excellent fodder for people who are aspiring to be the next winner of Mastermind . But it is not good education.
And the reason why it fails as education is that there is no connecting story line ” not even a glimmer of an informing theory that might help to relate one snippet of information to another.
It is like giving a trainee taxi driver a sample list of street names, and nothing more.
In the absence of any information about the relatedness of the streets and such a list is operationally useless.

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The guidelines may turn out to be…

callienoel — Wed, 16 Jun 2010 20:58:51 +0000

The guidelines may turn out to be unworkable.
The Act requires the NCC or local parks authority to make a firm offer of compensation within three months of a grant application being rejected.
If no firm offer has been made within three months the farmer is free to go ahead with his original plans.
The council has only ten land agents and they must formulate management agreements for any of the 3800 SSSIs in Britain.
This makes it highly unlikely that the council will be able to meet the three-month deadline on any site.
Another worry is that the existence of guaranteed compensation will encourage some farmers to apply for grants for operations that they have no real intention of carrying out and simply in order to become eligible for compensation.
Already more than 100 management agreements are under discussion and the number is expected to increase dramatically now that the guidelines are in force. How conservation will bankrupt the conservationists
TAKES 25 hectares of pasture that a farmer wants to drain and plough for winter wheat. Net income on the pasture is £2450 per year.
But, under winter wheat and the income would be £9600.
The potential extra profit for the farmer is an impressive £7150. Putting in drains costs £16250.
Grants reduce that to £10150.
If this were paid for over 20 years at 10 per cent interest and the annual cost would be £1200.
The extra income from winter wheat, less the annual cost of putting in the drains comes to £5950 ” this is what the Nature Conservancy Council would have to pay the farmer as compensation for preserving his pasture.
But much of that extra income arises from subsidies given to the farmer in artificially high prices set by the EEC. This amounts to 45 per cent of the value of the wheat.
Bowers calculates that, of the £5950 that the NCC pays, £500 goes in compensating for grants not received and £3150 in consumer subsidies that the farmer missed out on. The remainder and the “true cost of conservation” is just £2300. French flock to computer centre

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Some studies suggest that there are measurable physiological differences…

callienoel — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 21:44:01 +0000

Some studies suggest that there are measurable physiological differences between people who are easily hypnotised and those not so susceptible to hypnosis.
Everyone’s brain waves show periods of regular waves and known as alpha waves, when they are resting quietly and relaxed.
When people adept at hypnosis sit quietly with their eyes closed and they may spend more time sending out alpha waves than people who are “bad” hypnotic subjects.
Right-handed males who are very susceptible to hypnosis also seem to show a preference for using the right hemisphere of the brain ” the side associated with imaginative rather than analytical skills.
But these factors are correlated only with hypnotic responsiveness, not with any change that takes place within hypnosis itself.
The other school of thought on hypnosis emphasises the special social situation that lies at the core of hypnosis.
Theodore Sarbin of the University of California, for instance and sees hypnosis as a special kind of role-taking behaviour.
The subject is under strong social pressure to go along with the hypnotist; he has agreed in good faith to be hypnotised, after all, and is determined to carry out the hypnotist’s suggestions.
Furthermore, most people actually believe that they will feel and behave differently under hypnosis.
This powerful combination of compliance and belief is enough to account for all the hypnotic phenomenon, he and his colleagues argue.
This does not mean that people are always consciously faking when they are hypnotised.
They may feel relaxed, drowsy and so on, and attribute these feelings to a special “state”.
The person who acts like a chicken or conducts an orchestra for the stage hypnotist may be play acting, or he may genuinely feel that it is the hypnotist, not himself, who is taking responsibility for his actions.
Theodore Barber of Medfield State Hospital in Massachusetts has carried out a series of experiments which suggest that there is nothing a hypnotised subject will do that a motivated non-hypnotised person will not do as well.
Dr Martin Orne of the University of Pennsylvania told subjects to fake hypnosis and they easily fooled the hypnotist.
There is no single reliable way of deciding by simple observations whether a subject is genuinely hypnotised. So the debate over the nature of hypnosis continued.
But everyone agrees that it can be a useful therapeutic tool, easing the pain of dental treatment or curing diseases involving powerful but little-understood psychosomatic interactions and such as warts. Hypnotherapy can also help relieve profound feelings of disquiet or anxiety.
But interest now focuses on its potential as an aide memoire in police investigations.
Hypnotists working for the police ask an individual, most commonly a witness or a victim and to imagine that he has gone back to the time of the crime.
By using this “age-regression”, or a direct suggestion of heightened memory, “hypermnesia” and the police hope to encourage the subject to retrieve “forgotten” memories.
Hypnosis enhances memory and encourages truth-telling and so advocates of forensic hypnosis believe. But prominent psychologists and psychiatrists are alarmed.
The very process of hypnosis and they claim, can create convincing pseudomemories which no one, not even the person hypnotised, can distinguish from real ones.
Indeed the psychiatrist who first popularised the notion that hypnosis has a special relationship with truth, no less a figure than Sigmund Freud, later issued a retraction.
Early in his career, he used the “age-regression” technique to uncover traumatic childhood events which he felt lay at the root of his patient’s distress, but he came to realise that it was highly unlikely that all Viennese children were sexually molested by their parents even though nearly all his patients, when under hypnosis vividly described such encounters.
An “age-regressed” subject is not really reliving actual events; by checking school records and the like and researchers have found that remembered fact is well-laced with fantasy.

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Their feeding, however, was more strange still and out of…

callienoel — Sat, 29 May 2010 18:33:51 +0000

Their feeding, however, was more strange still and out of character.
When the birds were not foraging with greenfinches, chaffinches and robins on the fragments beneath the bags and they were feeding on the nuts in the bag like other tits do, and this is seldom seen.
The great spotted woodpecker began brief but intense bursts of drumming in the second week of January which is a week or so earlier than in most recent years and many weeks earlier than was normal a decade ago. Today, on March 18th and the lesser spotted woodpecker had a spell of drumming.
It was interesting to note a complete change in the timbre and resonance when the bird moved to another song-perch.
This could have been an argument for the theory of the mechanical origin of the sound in the days when some still insisted that it was vocal. Not conclusive, of course, but an indication.
Today no such evidence is needed as the matter was settled in favour of the mechanical explanation, although it is hard to envisage any human attempt to produce the resonant sound from a branch with any contraption without a strong amplifier.
March 17th is my traditional early chiffchaff date and although a journey south to Poole and a short time near possible sites on that day, yielded no hearing of the bird, one has been singing in this garden today. Snow-white flowers
The roadsides yesterday from Farnham to Winchester were spectacular over large stretches by Holybourne, Alton, and towards the Winchester bypass, and in many places between, with great drifts of snow-white flowers of Myrobalan plum.
It will inevitably by called “blackthorn”, which should not be in flower for a month, bringing its “winter” with it, and growing on short-jointed tangles of stems rather than on the slender longer shoots of these bushy trees.
I do wonder if some of these are in fact the wild plum rather than Myrobalan, and I marvel that in summer we hardly notice any plum-like shrubs where we now see them so dominant over long stretches of banks.
It may also be noted that last year the true blackthorn overlapped the Myrobalan in flowering season.
Our robin with the white flashes in its wings has ceded the prime territory nearest the house to another and is now with its mate, centred on the next bed along and ventures only occasionally into the crumb-patch, from which it is firmly evicted.
Not being voyeurs, we have not observed the intimate occasions from which the sex of this bird can be determined. Recognising the unsafe young, male driver
A PIONEERING study into why so many young men are unsafe drivers suggest that driver training should focus on attitudes and relationships as well as mechanics.
The study was undertaken for the AA Foundation for Road Safety Research by the department of Psychology and the transportation Research Group at the University of Southampton.
Its findings challenge traditional thinking about road safety education and suggesting that pre-licence training should include social influences on driving: the impact of parent, peer and passenger behaviour, drinking, music and mood. Over confident

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Another deaf man, a David Bedwell who had partial hearing,

callienoel — Thu, 27 May 2010 05:22:00 +0000

Another deaf man, a David Bedwell who had partial hearing, enlisted in the Army Service Corps as a driver, and his deafness cost him his life when he failed to hear three challenges as he was approaching the gates of a barracks. The sentry on duty shot him through the head.
In contrast and the nearest most deaf people got to the War was to receive training in rifle practice and to learn how to dig trenches in case the Germans managed to invade.
A number were unfortunate enough to be mistaken for spies after “failing to heed warning challenges”, and got shot at, although there was only one reported death: a James Waddell of Grangemouth, near Edinburgh, was shot through the hand and heart as he was examining flood damage in the course of his employment duties.
Francis Maginn and the Belfast Missioner and B.D.D.A. Vice-President and suffered the indignity of being arrested as a suspected spy while visiting Glasgow.
It was in fact some of the deaf schoolchildren who came closest to experiencing the horrors of the 191418 War.
On the night of 2nd April 1916, air-raid warnings sounded throughout Edinburgh, but it was not till five minutes past midnight when a huge explosion shook the city.
A German Zeppelin had flown over the Scottish coast at Leith, and dropped a bomb which by pure luck hit a bonded warehouse full of whisky, which went up in large flames and thus lighting up the darkened city.
Donaldson’s Hospital and the nearby George Watson Hospital School, both impressive buildings, provided tempting targets, and received some bombs.
Donaldson’s took a near miss, but George Watson’s was not so lucky, its top two floors being destroyed.
The Zeppelin moved up towards the Castle, dropping large numbers of bombs but many fell short of the Castle.
However, another whisky warehouse went up, illuminating beautifully the imposing building that is Donaldson’s.
It was too tempting a target, and the Zeppelin aimed for it with the last of its deadly cargo, but this time and they overshot the mark.
The Zeppelin attack left ten people dead in the city, and scores wounded: if the Germans’ bomb-aiming had not been so lousy and the toll could have included many of the sleeping deaf children in Donaldson’s.
As it was, George Scott ” who was later to captain the victorious Great Britain soccer team at the World Games for the Deaf at Amsterdam in 1928 (see photograph on page 310)” but then a small schoolboy at Donaldson’s remembers: “…a German Zeppelin flew over but I felt nothing.
I was fast asleep.
Next morning I awoke to chaos ” everything overturned, furniture all over, beds moved and tables tipped over…”
Many windows were shattered all over Edinburgh, including many at Donaldson’s ” its most grievous loss was perhaps the oriel window in the chapel famed in Scotland as one of its earliest figure-stained windows. It was never replaced.
There was one positive side for deaf people arising from the War: with so many men volunteering or going into the Armed Services and there was a desperate shortage of labour in the workplace, especially in munitions factories.
Whereas before the War so many deaf men were out of work due to the reluctance of employers following the implementation of the National Insurance and Workmen’s Compensation Acts and they were now able to pick and choose their employment as employers clamoured for their services. Scouts, Girl Guides and Cadets
Deaf schools in Britain have traditionally had a long involvement in the Scout and Girl Guide movement, but Scouting has not been confined simply to schoolboys and schoolgirls.
Between the wars, many deaf centres also had their Senior Scout and Rover troops.
The Boy Scout movement was formed by General Baden-Powell and the hero of Mafeking, in 1908 with the object of training boys how to become real men and to learn the lessons of loyalty, courage, obedience, cheerfulness and kindness of heart, and its ideals soon spread throughout the world.
The British Deaf Scout movement was born in 1910 when the Headmaster of the Royal Cross School, Preston, Mr. J.G. Shaw, was on a motor tour of Yorkshire during his July holiday, and got into severe difficulties at Skipton when his car ran off the road and broke down.
Luckily for him and there was a troop of Boy Scouts camped nearby and they were able to get his car back on the road and Mr. Shaw on his way to York.

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Britain plans new nuclear dumps…

callienoel — Tue, 25 May 2010 07:03:14 +0000

Britain plans new nuclear dumps
A PLAN to dump thousands of trainloads of radioactive waste from Britain’s nuclear power stations in three new burial grounds ” one of them 300 m underground ” will be announced soon.
It is part of a move to clear a growing backlog of radioactive waste and some of which has been in store for 25 years. The dumps could cost £100 million to build at today’s prices.
They will be run by private firms under contract to Britain’s new nuclear waste authority, NIREX.
Peter Curd, a spokesman for NIREX said this week that the body will apply for planning permission for the dumps “within the next few months”.
Details of the main part of the plan and to dispose of 100 000 drums containing 45000 cu.m of waste with “intermediate” levels of radioactivity in two dumps, are revealed in a new technical report from the UK Atomic Energy Authority.
The third dump will deal with the huge amounts of low level waste that are currently handled at the Drigg tip in Cumbria.
Ministers may decide to extend the dumps to take the masses of rubble that will be produced when Britain’s first generation of Magnox power stations are demolished in the 1990s.
And they may have to be adapted to receive radioactive medical and industrial waste that is currently dumped in the Atlantic each year.
Britain is under pressure to end this dumping following the vote at last week’s London Dumping Convention for a moratorium on all sea disposal of radioactive waste (see right). The dumps will be big enough to take waste produced up to the year 2000.
But they will begin life by taking the 20 years’ accumulation of magnesium oxide cladding from around uranium fuel rods used in the Magnox reactors.
The cladding is cut from the rods before the fuel is reprocessed at British Nuclear Fuel’s Sellafield (formerly Windscale) works. The cladding is in store in ponds at Sellafield.
It was once intended to dump this and most of the rest of the waste now earmarked for the new dumps at sea. But government policy changed after the Royal Commission on
Environmental Pollution reported in 1976 that “there are very strong grounds for doubting whether dumping on this scale will be acceptable”.
Scientists at the UKAEA have decided that it would be too expensive to reprocess these “intermediate” wastes to make them safer before dumping.
The dumps will not, however and take the highly radioactive waste produced when the fuel rods themselves are reprocessed to reclaim uranium and plutonium.
(This waste will stay at Windscale until a final decision is taken on what to do with it.)
There will be three dumping grounds: o A labyrinth of concrete-lined tunnels 300 m below ground will take the majority of the nuclear waste ” 67 000 drums ” that contains large amounts of plutonium-239 and-240 and americium-241.
The isotopes give off long-lasting alpha radiation and the waste will remain dangerous for 3000 years or more. One idea is to build this dump under the sea-bed, 0.5 km off-shore.
It would be reached by a railway tunnel from the beach and sealed in with concrete when full (see diagram).
o An “engineered trench” 30 m deep will take 34000 drums of intermediate wastes with low levels of alpha radiation.
o A shallow trench and similar to the Drigg site, will take the low-level waste which will be covered with 1m of topsoil and left to decay. There are plenty of possible sites for these dumps.
The problem will be to find one without any geological “boobytraps” and such as heavy faulting, without generating a political furore.

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Not surprisingly the analysis revealed a large number of…

callienoel — Thu, 13 May 2010 06:52:46 +0000

Not surprisingly the analysis revealed a large number of ways in which such correlations could be made.
From discussion and interviews with these people and the team collected information on the skills and crafts of the people and the tools used (local and foreign) and the work procedure used, market demands and training obtained by craftsmen and the training offered, conditions of training and apprenticeship and the cost of the article produced and the time taken and the profit made from the sale.
From all this information the team drew up a matrix of crafts, materials and local resources, analysed technologies applied locally and attempted to order skills development in level of difficulty and in relation to social custom as a preliminary to curriculum design.
Teams in Mathematics and English were concerned with finding out what knowledge and what concepts children and teachers have and can master at different levels and of assessing the strengths and limitations of the environment and the cultural traditions within that environment for teaching and materials production in these two areas.
Whatever action is taken on the final report of the Buea project (and I have fears that the heavy reliance on expatriate experts in the project and in drawing up the report may not contribute to its being widely read and followed in Cameroon) there can be no question that the project marks an important landmark in curriculum planning in Africa.
The importance of situational analysis as a preliminary to curriculum design has been recognised, investment has been made and important questions are being asked.
In the sister institute in the French-speaking Cameroon set up somewhat earlier at Yaounde, workers embarked more conventionally straight into a programme of materials production and were able to announce confidently that by March 1973, “about 47 tons of textbooks and 33 tons of documents have been produced”, but you cannot profitably assess the success of a curriculum by weight; many megatons of unprofitable material have been produced (and will still be produced) all over Africa just because no preliminary study had been made to ascertain whether children and parents wanted them, could afford them and read them or understand them. OTHER GOVERNMENT AND INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES
Elsewhere in Africa, national and international concern towards establishing a basis of research information for curriculum decision grows slowly and fitfully, but noticeably, nevertheless.
Within ministries there is an increasing disposition to mount surveys into actual conditions in schools and opinions of parents and community leaders.
In Lesotho a four man primary curriculum research unit has been set up and has undertaken a sample survey of primary schools under four headings (i) The physical environment;(ii) the curriculum;(iii) methods of learning and teaching leading to (iv) recommendations.
The report presents the truth about conditions in what is, probably the poorest (financially) of all the countries I have visited and makes compelling reading (if you like horror stories).
Research sections have been set up at the Institutes of Education in Kenya and Sierra Leone and there have been important regional conferences on educational evaluation (at Dar es Salaam in April 1975) and on the growth of scientific and mathematical concepts in East African children (Nairobi, September 1974).
A small international centre for educational evaluation at Ibadan has been set up (and will be described further in my next chapter) and another on child development is being planned in Nairobi.
But for all these little awakenings and small scale investments, it is impossible to pretend that the volume of interest or commitment is anything like what, on sober reflection, we realise it should be, nor that any proper partnership has been achieved between universities who should have the expertise and interest to conduct and co-ordinate research, and ministries of education who should be increasingly aware of what they don’t know and need to know.
One apparent stumbling block to mounting more research is that we lack qualified people to do it or the resources to employ or deploy them, but as so often, a wider and less conventional look at the problem reveals one possible solution.

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